Tourism Competitiveness Index Research Articles

Tourism Destination Competitiveness Ranking and Tourism Performance

This research note compares the impacts of the macroeconomic condition on the relationship between tourism destination competitiveness (TDC) ranking and tourism performance. This study utilized the cross-country analysis of the World Economic Forum (WEF) Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) data among 115 countries. Macroeconomic conditions are conceptualized in high-income versus low-income nations, while the WEF TTCI ranking explains the TDC ranking. The Partial-least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) results showed that TTCI ranking significantly influenced the low-income group’s tourism performance only but not for the developed ones. The results confirm the criticism of the TTCI ranking bias, reflecting the unbalanced competitiveness assessment distribution between advanced and low-income countries. The study findings augment the incomparability among countries on different levels of development and the arbitrary weighting of the TTCI ranking report, which may lead to inaccurate perceptions of the country and incorrect investment decisions.

WORLD TOURISM INDICES AND TOURISM COMPETITION BETWEEN COUNTRIES

This article aims to evaluate tourism competition between countries by examining world tourism indices. Tourism indices are widely used tools to measure and compare the performance of the tourism industry. This study will discuss the Global Tourism Competitiveness Index, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index and other important indices, explain the calculation methods of the indices and analyze the results. Sustainability, the economic contribution of tourism and future trends are also among the focuses of this article. This study will help us understand how tourism indices affect tourism competition between countries and predict future tourism trends. Major tourist destinations such as Turkey and the USA are making various efforts to promote sustainable tourism practices. This is an important step aimed at growing tourism sectors sustainably in the future. Countries such as Georgia, Azerbaijan and Iran have the potential to offer different experiences for tourists with their cultural diversity and unique traditions. These countries have growth opportunities in the field of cultural tourism. Sustainable tourism practices are important for future growth and success for major tourist destinations. A major tourist destination like the USA aims to make its tourism industry more environmentally friendly by increasing its efforts on sustainability. Iran may not have been able to fully utilize its tourism potential due to regional and international political factors. Security concerns and political instability may limit tourist interest in Iran. As a result, these five countries have different tourism potentials and each offers unique attractions. Turkey, the USA and others aim to grow their tourism sectors in the future by promoting sustainable tourism practices. The competition between the countries examined reflects the development of tourism indices and the diversity of tourist destinations.

An overview of literature on destination competitiveness: A theoretical analysis of the travel and tourism competitiveness index

An overview of literature on destination competitiveness: A theoretical analysis of the travel and tourism competitiveness index

Critical Factors for Increasing Tourism Competitiveness: Analysis of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index in Sumedang Regency

The disruption of the tourism sector needs to be measured to increase tourism competitiveness. This study aims to map tourism competitiveness with the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) pillar after the Covid-19 pandemic. Of the 14 pillars of TTCI released by the World Economic Forum, only eight pillars with 56 indicators are used that are relevant to the condition and availability of data at the village level. This research uses a mixed method with a sequential explanatory design approach. The data uses village potential data from the Central Statistics Agency in 2018, 2019, and 2021. The analysis unit consists of 270 villages and seven sub-districts in Sumedang Regency. The results of a composite assessment of all TTCI indicators and pillars show a striking difference in the environmental sustainability pillar, which has increased very highly compared to before the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of the TTCI scoring have mapped aspects of potential, advantages, and weaknesses in terms of eight pillars of tourism competitiveness at the village, subdistrict, and district levels. This study presents actual data on the potential of villages to increase tourism competitiveness using TTCI parameters. It can be a reference for stakeholders to improve areas that are priorities for tourism development, especially facing the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic. The declining pillar of human resources during the pandemic requires the attention of stakeholders, especially in developing tourism priority areas.

Position of Destination Bulgaria in a World-Range-List of Tourist Destinations Competitiveness and Possibilities for Positive Change

The present study offers a situational analysis of the positions of the tourist destination Bulgaria in the world ranking of 140 tourist destinations according to the "Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index" calculations in the report of the World Economic Forum – Davos for 20192. The strengths and weaknesses of the competitiveness of destination Bulgaria are evaluated according to the values of the individual indices, calculated using a scale from 1 - weakest to 7 - strongest position, in relation to Europe and destinations from the Balkan Peninsula due to the influence they have on the development of tourism in the country. Guidelines for positive change are being formulated.

Strategic Vectors of Coastal Tourism Development as a Blue Economy Component in the International Dimension

The blue economy covers various scientific areas and types of socio-economic activity that are related to each other: fisheries, shipping, tourism (beach and cruise), transportation, logistics, alternative energy, ecology, water management, climate change and biosphere conservation. It was found that coastal tourism occupies an important place in the system of the Blue Economy. According to the set of indicators: The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index, International tourist arrivals, thousands, Travel and Tourism industry GDP, and Employment in the tourism and travel sphere, a cluster analysis has been created for leading countries. As a result of the analysis, 9 clusters have been formed, for each of which strategic vectors of development were determined. The coastline of all countries in the world is 1162.3 million km. The longest coastline belongs to Canada – 202080 km. Relative indicators per 1 km of coastline as international tourist arrivals, international tourism inbound receipts, Tourism and Travel industry GDP have been considered. It has been substantiated that the Spanish coastal tourism industry deserves special attention. There are 17 coastal areas and more than 2,000 beaches in Spain.

THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL VALUES OF TRAVEL & TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS INDEX AND ITS PREDICTIVE POWERS ON TOURIST ARRIVALS IN AFRICA; PLS-SEM APPROACH

This study aimed to assess the explanatory power of the sub-indices and pillars of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index on ITA taking Africa as a case. The study extended the epistemological articulations and empirical values of the TTCI by introducing ITA as a dependent variable. It took WEF's 7 years report on TTCI of 29 African economies. Results show that the predictive powers of half of TTCI Sub-indices as formative indicators to ITA are weak and negative. Analogously, the collinearity, validity, and reliability issues of sub-indices were substantially not resolved. These findings have implied that the TTCI has to articulate its predictive bearing before it can be accepted as an epistemologically and practically relevant concept that prescribes policy issues especially on the course of diagnosing the African Tourism ecosystem.

Daya Saing Sektor Pariwisata Dalam Meningkatkan Ekonomi Daerah Di Bali Dan D.I Yogyakarta Tahun 2017-2021

One of the sectors with local revenue is tourism. The study will look at the tourist attractions in Bali and D.I. Yogyakarta. In this study, eight indicators were employed, and the World Tourism Organization (WTO) was used to examine them. According to the study's findings, each parameter is carefully analyzed.  DIY displays a higher Human Tourism Indicator (HTI) score than Bali, and higher Bali indicators can also be found on the Infrastructure Development Indicator (IDI), Environment Indicator (EI), and Openness Indicator (OI). In terms of the Price Competitiveness Index (PCI), Technology Indicator (TAI), Human Resources Index (HRI), Openness Index (OI), and Social Development Index (SDI), Bali enjoys a competitive advantage.
 Keywords: Tourism Competitiveness, Tourism Index, Composite Index, Tourism Competitiveness Index.
  

Tourism Digitalization Through the Implementation of National Tourism Information System “Sisparnas” in Papua Province

The study discusses the digitization of tourism with a focus on the Implementation of the National Tourism Information System (Sisparnas) in Papua Province. The method used is a library research approach. The results of this study indicate that the tourism competitiveness index for Papua is still low, at 30 (thirty) out of 34 (thirty-four) provinces in Indonesia. Furthermore, updating the Sisparnas data was carried out by involving a team of surveyors who served in five customary areas. The surveyor team is equipped through the implementation of technical guidance to provide education on the importance of data and information in order to develop tourism. As a recommendation for engagement, the surveyor should not only see from the perspective of experience in the field of tourism but also understand the conditions and situation of the area as well as the tourism potential of the area, therefore, it is better for the surveyor team to come from representatives of each regency or city.

Evaluation Model of Environmental Sustainable Competitive Tourism Based on Entropy

Despite the valuable economic benefits of tourism, it must be highlighted that the tourism industry is an important source of stress for the environment with the main influence on tourist destinations. The aim of this study is to investigate the elements of environmental sustainability in tourism as key factors in the competitiveness of tourism using entropy methods. According to the authors’ knowledge, it is the first time that the entropy model applied to Environmental sustainability indicators, regarding entropy as a measure of non-uniformity among sustainability indicators of EU countries. The data of the EU were used and Environmental sustainability pillar of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index. The results show that the total entropy of the competitiveness of tourism within the environmental sustainability sub-index of the EU countries speaks in favor of the uniformity of the indicators. The study also reveals significant differences among the EU27 in the domain of the Global Climate Risk index, Baseline water stress and Forest cover loss. Furthermore, convergence has been achieved so far in the indicators Red List Index and Environmental treaty ratification. Finally, the methodological approach of this study has the potential to be extrapolated worldwide, especially in the future era of global environmental problems.

Do Travel and Tourism Competitiveness determine International Tourism Inbound Receipts? A Quantile Regression Model for 125 Countries

Tourism is one of the sectors of the economy most affected by the situation caused by the spread of COVID-19. For the re-growth of international tourism competitiveness, it is important to know the main determinants affecting tourism performance, specifically international tourism inbound receipts (ITIR). This paper aims to find out whether a country's ITIR is determined by travel and tourism gross domestic product (GDP) and travel and tourism competitiveness measured by the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI). The data was obtained from the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report from 2019. The proposed new model for 125 countries is specific because we consider conditional quantiles of the dependent variable. The results of a quantile regression determined that individual percentiles of the ITIR are more affected by travel and tourism GDP and TTCI than other percentiles of the ITIR, which was then reflected in the changes of regression coefficients. Considering the findings of this paper, it is possible to implement competitive destination policy not only for the specific geographical cluster, as in the existing literature, but also for groups of countries created according to the affiliation to selected quantiles. This study significantly contributes to the theory and empirical evidence of the influence of tourism competitiveness when modeling tourism performance. Moreover, even though existing studies encourage quantile regression usage in tourism research, this paper appears to be original in determining the variables entering the analysis (ITIR, TTCI, travel, and tourism GDP).

Smart destination competitiveness: underscoring its impact on economic growth

PurposeThe current study is designed to investigate the factors that foster the framing of destination competitiveness and establish the factors that drive the contribution of tourism innovations to economic growth in smart tourism destinations.Design/methodology/approachA four-year panel data were extracted from the World Economic Forum's travel and tourism competitiveness index and data were analysed using Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood regression model.FindingsThe findings demonstrate that both the enabling environment and airport infrastructure significantly affect tourism's impact on the economy of the selected smart European tourism destinations. Conversely, human resources and general infrastructure display a negative correlation with tourism's contribution to the economy. However, no data in the sample support the idea that tourism policies, government prioritization or readiness of tourism information and communication technologies impact tourism's contribution to the economy. Additionally, the marginal effects indicate that improving the enabling environment and airport infrastructure can generate additional benefits for the economy through tourism.Originality/valueThe uniqueness of this study is the integration of smart tourism destinations with the measure of destination competitiveness to provide an empirical bridge that links tourism competitiveness to economic growth.

Pastoralism and Tourism in Eastern Africa—Quantitative Analysis from 2004 to 2018

Eastern Africa is a relatively dry area, with a considerable pastoralist population, which is among the poorest segments of society. Pastoralism is a form of subsistence lifestyle, and while pastoralists produce a large proportion of the region’s livestock products, they are not covered well by statistical recording. Pastoralists are experts in keeping livestock in arid rangelands, but they often suffer from land alienation, environmental degradation, and conflict with other land use intentions. The semiarid rangelands in Eastern Africa are home to spectacular savanna wildlife populations, attracting substantial conservation and tourism revenues. Estimations indicate that pastoralism generates significant economic values in the national income due to livestock production and maintenance of tourism attractions. To assess this contribution, the concept of total economic valuation (TEV) is applied. The main aim of the paper is to analyze the contribution of pastoralism to the tourism-related GDP of Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, where considerable numbers of pastoralists live. Because of the lack of statistical data on pastoralism, the second objective is to construct a database of indicators that measure the extent of pastoralism for these countries for 2004, 2014, and 2018. The methodology includes the construction of the above database using secondary sources, and then to apply correlation and regression analysis on this database and the economic and tourism performance data series of the studied four countries. The results of the analysis showed that the extent of pastoralism is positively related to GDP and to value added by tourism and agriculture, and international tourism receipts are positively related to pastoralism’s contribution to GDP. The tourism competitiveness index (TTCI) was found to be negatively related to the size of the pastoralism sector. The policy implications of our findings are that pastoralist societies are increasingly important not only for their marketed economic output, but for their services provided to tourism and to the environment; therefore, instead of neglecting them, they should be more in the focus of development.

Tourist destination competitiveness: An international approach through the travel and tourism competitiveness index

Few studies have analysed the challenges that the countries may have to face to become competitive as tourism destinations. To address this gap, this research analyses competitiveness through two key dimensions: the comparative advantage and competitive advantage of a destination. The model proposed is based on Crouch and Ritchie's competitiveness model and the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index for a sample of 137 countries. The methods applied are data envelopment analysis and truncated regression with bootstrap. The results reveal that those countries with a major comparative advantage do not necessarily present a highly competitive advantage since the positions in both competitiveness dimensions are related to the degree of development of the countries. The tourist-related and environmental-related managerial capabilities that lead significant strategic assets being achieved for a better competitive advantage are also identified. The findings offer useful managerial information since they provide a valuable understanding of the competitiveness of countries when compared to others.

ANALISIS DAYA SAING PARIWISATA KABUPATEN SUMBAWA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN EKONOMI DAERAH

This study aims to analyze the measure of competitiveness and to analyze the competitiveness factors of the tourism industry in Sumbawa District. The type of this study was descriptive quantitative study. The methods used to collect data in this study were documentation and literature study. The data used in this study was secondary data. The data analysis tools used in this study were the tourism index, composite index, tourism competitiveness index and contribution analysis in which consist of contribution formula and contribution analysis scale. The results of the study showed that the tourism competitiveness of the eight indicators of variable infrastructure development indicator (IDI), the Environment Indicator determiner (EI), Human Resources Indicator (HRI), Social Development Indicator (SDI) showed high competitiveness value while the other eight indicators showed low value of competitiveness. The results of the analysis of the contribution of the tourism sector to the Local Revenue of Sumbawa Regency in 2017-2022 are in the very less category. The percentage contribution of the tourism sector to the PAD of Sumbawa Regency over the past six years has been below 10% (<10%).

WEF 관광경쟁력 지표를 활용한 관광경쟁력과 국제관광수입의 필요 및 충분조건 연구

Tourism is a sociocultural phenomenon influenced by numerous factors, necessitating a multifaceted perspective. By analyzing necessary and sufficient conditions, this study aims to comprehend the equifinality and causal complexity of combinations of causal conditions that lead to the same outcome. Using fsQCA, the influence of tourism competitiveness on tourism performance is analyzed in light of the complexity theory. The Tourism Competitiveness Index and international tourism imports of 38 OECD member countries were compiled and analyzed. The necessary conditions led to the discovery of 'Natural and Cultural Resources' (0.924) and 'Infrastructure' (0.865). Four solutions were found for high international tourism imports, and four solutions were found for low international tourism imports. High international tourism imports are caused by H1(E*P*I), H2(I*R), H3(E*P*I), and H4(E*P*R). Low international tourism imports are the result of L1(E*R), L2(P*I), L3(P*R), and L4(E*I). This suggests that 'Natural and Cultural Resources' and 'Infrastructure' must be present in countries with high levels of international tourism imports. These factors suggest that they can be made a policy strategy priority and foundational element. Equifinality is demonstrated by the solution derived from sufficient condition analysis. It can be used as a basis for establishing a more comprehensive tourism marketing strategy.

Environmental factors influencing the competitiveness of the regional tourism and recreation sphere

The article emphasizes the significant role of environmental factors in the development of sustainable tourism. The essence of the competitiveness of the tourism and recreation sphere in the context of the environmental component is determined. The purpose of the article is to determine the environmental factors influencing the competitiveness of the tourism and recreation sphere of the region, evaluate them from the point of view of manageability, and determine the prerequisites for ensuring the sustainable development of the region. The main elements influencing the ecological stability of the tourism and recreation sphere are substantiated. Groups of managed and unmanaged environmental factors influencing the competitiveness of tourism and recreation are identified. The assessment of the competitiveness of the tourism and recreation sphere of the regions of Ukraine is based on the general methodological approaches used in the calculation of the travel and tourism competitiveness indices (The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index, TTCI). An algorithm and environmental indicators are defined. The results of the assessment of the impact of environmental factors on the competitiveness of the tourism and recreation sphere are presented. The article points out that in the conditions of the war and the post-war period, the assessment of the impact of environmental factors and the forecasting of their consequences on the competitiveness of the tourism and recreation sphere of the region is complicated by the need to carry it out from different positions: damage to natural resources and ecosystems; environmental pollution; loss of biodiversity; reconstruction of tourist identity. The following methods and strategies are proposed to contribute to the achievement of ecological development of the tourism and recreation industry: ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources; using environmentally friendly technologies and materials in hotels and other tourist infrastructure; developing ecotourism and other forms of tourism that contribute to the preservation of the natural environment and draw attention to environmental issues; applying the system of ecosystem restoration and waste minimization; developing ecological management of tourism; conducting environmental education among the local population and tourists.

Tourism Spatial Spillover Effect and Economic Growth in Indonesia

Economic growth and prosperity are often associated with the development of key sectors such as agriculture, construction, and manufacturing. The importance of tourism in driving economic growth and prosperity is often overlooked. The study focuses on Indonesia and its diverse tourism resources, pointing out that different provinces have varying impacts on the overall economy due to their distinct tourism assets. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of tourism diversity on regional economic growth. Data were collected from the Central Agency of Statistics (BPS), Ministry of Tourism, and Ministry of Public Works and Housing from 2010 to 2017, using such variables as economic growth, physical investment, population, human capital, and the tourism competitiveness index. Moreover, we considered spatial effects by employing a Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to account for the interdependence of different regions in Indonesia. The results reveal that tourism spillovers occur between provinces, meaning that tourism development in one area is influenced not only by its own resources but also by neighbouring provinces. The spatial regression analysis demonstrates that neighbouring areas have a positive impact on each other, reinforcing the idea that tourism development tends to cluster geographically. This suggests that regional tourism development policies should consider these spatial dependencies, aiming for integrated programmes that have an impact not only within a single area but also between regions. The suggestion for further research is to use a type of spatial weight in the form of inter-regional tourist moving, namely the movement of tourists between provinces in Indonesia.

Dampak Local-based Entrepreneurship terhadap Aset Penghidupan yang Berkelanjutan: Studi Kasus Wisata Lembah Mbencirang, Mojokerto

Tourism is one of the most effective tools for economic development. According to Haryana, 4.5% of Indonesia's total GDP was significantly contributed to by tourism in 2018. The World Economic Forum ranked Indonesia 40th in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) out of 140 countries in 2019. Nonetheless, this contribution decreased significantly during the covid-19 pandemic outbreak in 2020. Mursalin et. al. argued that the tourism industry was hardest hit by the pandemic's impact on economic growth. Understanding this phenomenon, it became intriguing to investigate the gradual tourism revival and livelihood assets of local tourism-based enterprise in Wisata Lembah Mbencirang by the Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDES). This study's objectives included identifying and analyzing the core problematization and livelihood assets of locally based entrepreneurship, as well as its community impact. This study was conducted in Kebontunggul Village, Mojokerto, East Java. This study employed a variety of methods. Several analytical tools, including pentagon assets and sustainable livelihood assets, were utilized. The results demonstrated that local entrepreneurship had both positive and negative effects on communities. The vulnerability context that shook people's livelihoods must be overcome by bolstering social and human capitals to maintain resilience, as well as the government's commitment to enhancing policies pertaining to locally-based entrepreneurship. In conceiving and ensuring sustainability, the community implemented a variety of livelihood strategies through adaptation. When feasible, livelihood adaptation would continue, and incomes would increase.

The paradox of rural tourism and poverty alleviation

This research aims to analyze factors determining the competitiveness of rural tourism and assess its performance compared to the poverty level in each province in Indonesia. We employ four main pillars: enabling environment; travel and tourism policy and enabling conditions; infrastructure; and natural & cultural resources adopted from the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum 2019. We conducted fieldwork in four provinces, namely Aceh, Bali, Central Java, and North Sulawesi, by spreading  questionnaires and giving semi-structured interviews to obtain respondents’ insights. The poverty gap index measures the intensity level of poverty by employing an expenditure-based poverty line. This study discovers that infrastructure, natural & cultural resources, and enabling environment support rural tourism development in each province. We also find that the excellent performance of rural tourism competitiveness seems to have minimal impact on poverty. Bali has become the major icon of tourism in Indonesia; ironically, its poverty level is relatively higher than in other areas. Meanwhile, Central Java ranks as the second most competitive province after Bali, while the poverty level is the lowest. Our study offers community-based tourism (CBT) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) to resolve the situation.